RVVP 2x1.5mm² Braided Shielded Industrial PLC Control Cable Anti-Interference Field Automation 300/500V
Product Summary
Product Details
RVVP 2x1.5mm² shielded control cable
,braided shielded PLC cable 300/500V
,2 core anti-interference automation cable
Product Description
RVVP 2x1.5mm² Braided Shielded Industrial PLC Control Cable Anti-Interference Field Automation 300/500V
Cable Designation & Meaning
|
Code |
Meaning |
|---|---|
|
R |
Flexible cord |
|
V |
PVC insulation |
|
V |
PVC sheath |
|
P |
Copper braid shield |
|
2×1.5 mm² |
Two cores of 1.5 mm² copper conductor |
Construction: Two 1.5 mm² fine-stranded copper conductors, PVC insulation on each core, laid up together, tinned copper braid shield (≥85% coverage) over the laid-up cores, PVC outer sheath.
Applicable Standards
- GB/T 5023.5-2008 / IEC 60227-5 — Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables — Flexible cables (cords)
- GB/T 3956-2008 / IEC 60228 — Conductors of insulated cables (Class 5 flexible)
- GB/T 18380.3 / IEC 60332-3 — Flame retardant (Category A/B/C as specified)
- GB/T 5023.2-2008 / IEC 60227-2 — Test methods
RVVP 2×1.5 mm² — Flexible Shielded Control Cable — Specification
1. Overview & Ratings
RVVP 2×1.5 is a medium-current shielded control cable rated 450/750 V, one step up from the 0.75 and 1.0 mm² variants. R = flexible tinned copper conductor, V = PVC insulation, V = PVC outer sheath, P = braided copper shield. OD ≈ 7.8 mm, ≈ 68 kg/km (est.), ≈ 12–15 A. The tinned copper braid at ≈ 85% coverage blocks EMI/RFI from nearby VFDs, servo drives and welders. The larger conductor reduces voltage drop on longer control runs, making it the preferred choice for machine tool wiring, remote PLC I/O and 24 V DC control loops. Max conductor temperature 70 °C, operating range -15 to +70 °C. Not for outdoor UV exposure or mains power.
2. Construction Stack (Inner → Outer, expanded)
| Layer / Feature | Build | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Conductor (×2) | Tinned Cu, Class 5, 30×0.25 mm per core | R ≤ 13.3 Ω/km, medium-current, solderable |
| Insulation | PVC ≈ 0.7 mm per core | 450/750 V dielectric, colour-coded |
| Inner sheath | PVC + filler ≈ 0.6 mm | Round bedding, braid substrate |
| Braid shield | Tinned Cu, ≈ 85% coverage | EMI/RFI shielding, earth-fault return |
| Outer jacket | PVC ≈ 0.8 mm | Oil/abrasion protection, printed markings |
3. Electrical Characteristics
DC resistance ≤ 13.3 Ω/km at 20 °C per GB/T 3956 — roughly 30% lower than the 1.0 mm² variant, cutting voltage drop to ≈ 1.33 V per 100 m at 10 A. Rated voltage 450/750 V. Estimated ampacity ≈ 12–15 A in free air at 30 °C. Insulation resistance ≥ 25 MΩ·km. Routine AC withstand test at 2500 V for 5 minutes. Typical capacitance ≈ 150 pF/m at 1 kHz. The braid provides ≈ 60–70 dB shielding at 30–1000 MHz. Suitable for 24 V DC and 110 V AC control loops over longer distances.
Insulation & Sheath Data
|
Property |
Value |
|---|---|
|
Insulation material |
PVC (Type TI2) |
|
Outer sheath material |
PVC (Type TM2) |
|
Shield material |
Tinned copper braid |
|
Long-term service temp. |
70 °C (continuous) |
|
Max. conductor temp. (normal) |
70 °C |
|
Short-circuit temp. (≤5 s) |
160 °C |
|
Emergency overload temp. |
100 °C (≤1 h) |
|
Test voltage AC (5 min) |
2.0 kV |
|
Dielectric strength |
≥ 20 kV/mm |
|
Volume resistivity @20 °C |
≥ 1×10¹² Ω·cm |
|
Shield |
Tinned copper braid, ≥ 85% coverage (EMI/RFI protection) |
Electrical Parameters
|
Parameter |
Value |
Note |
|---|---|---|
|
Rated voltage U₀/U |
300 / 300 V |
GB/T 5023.5 (control/signal) |
|
Max. system voltage |
350 V AC / 500 V DC |
— |
|
Test voltage AC (5 min) |
2.0 kV |
Routine test |
|
DC resistance @20 °C |
≤ 13.3 Ω/km per core |
GB/T 3956 Class 5 Cu max (1.5 mm²) |
|
AC resistance @70 °C (est.) |
≈ 16.6 Ω/km per core |
— |
|
Current rating in air (30 °C) |
Control: 10 A per core (recommended max.) |
conservative control rating |
|
Current rating in tray (30 °C) |
Control: 12 A per core |
— |
|
DC current capacity |
10 A per core |
— |
|
Short-circuit current (1 s, Cu, 160 °C) |
≈ 165 A per core |
— |
|
Capacitance (core-to-core, approx.) |
≈ 0.14 µF/km |
PVC |
|
Capacitance (core-to-shield, approx.) |
≈ 0.22 µF/km |
PVC |
|
Inductive reactance (approx.) |
≈ 0.07 Ω/km |
at 50 Hz |
|
Frequency |
DC / up to 100 MHz (signal) |
— |
|
Characteristic impedance (approx.) |
50 – 70 Ω |
signal reference |
|
Attenuation (at 1 MHz, approx.) |
≈ 0.6 dB/100 m |
— |
Reference values: RVVP 2×1.5 at 10 A per core, 24 V DC → max load ≈ 240 W per core (control/signal use). At 230 V AC → max load ≈ 2,300 VA per core (not recommended for power).
4. Thermal & Flame Behaviour
Operating range -15 to +70 °C continuous. Short-circuit withstand up to 160 °C for ≤ 5 seconds. PVC insulation and jacket are flame-retardant per IEC 60332-1. The cable is halogen-containing (PVC), emitting HCl gas on burning — avoid in enclosed switchrooms where corrosive fume is a concern. For public or enclosed spaces, specify LSZH alternatives. The thicker 0.8 mm Type ST jacket offers improved oil resistance for machine tool and press applications. UV resistance is limited; install indoors or in UV-protected conduits only.
Temperature Characteristics
|
Property |
Value |
|---|---|
|
Max. conductor operating temp. |
70 °C (continuous) |
|
Max. short-circuit temp. (≤5 s) |
160 °C |
|
Emergency overload temp. |
100 °C (≤1 h) |
|
Min. installation ambient temp. |
−15 °C |
|
Service ambient range |
−15 °C to +70 °C |
|
Flexing temp. range |
−5 °C to +70 °C |
Fire Performance (RVVP — PVC, Non-Low-Smoke)
|
Property |
Value / Requirement |
|---|---|
|
Flame retardant |
GB/T 18380.3 / IEC 60332-3 (Category A/B/C as specified) |
|
Halogen content |
Contains halogen (PVC) |
|
Smoke density |
Not low-smoke (IEC 61034-2 not applicable) |
|
Corrosivity |
Corrosive (HCl emission from PVC) |
|
Toxicity |
Toxic fumes when burned (CO, HCl) |
|
EMI shielding |
Excellent (tinned copper braid, ≥85% coverage) |
|
UV resistance |
Poor (PVC degrades outdoors, use conduit or UV-resistant) |
|
Water resistance |
Limited (PVC sheath) |
5. Installation Practice & Handling
Minimum bending radius ≥ 6×OD ≈ 47 mm for fixed installation; 12×OD ≈ 94 mm for drag-chain or moving applications. The thicker 1.5 mm² core feels stiffer than 0.75/1.0, so use proper cable management. Terminate the braid shield to earth via a shield gland or drain wire at one end (or both ends per system grounding strategy). Use appropriate ferrules on the 30-strand conductor. Route the cable at least 200 mm away from motor and VFD power cables. After installation, verify insulation resistance, shield continuity and polarity before energizing.
Mechanical & Installation Parameters
|
Parameter |
Value |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|
|
Minimum bending radius |
≥ 6 × OD → ≈ 48 mm at Ø8.0 mm |
flexible cable |
|
Max. pulling tension |
22.5 N per core (1.5 mm² × 15 N/mm²) |
Cu conductor limit |
|
Direct burial |
Not recommended (PVC, non-UV, water ingress) |
— |
|
Surface mounting |
Cable tray, conduit, trunking, DIN rail |
— |
|
Conduit ID |
≥ 20 mm |
— |
|
Fixing |
cable ties, clamps, clips |
— |
|
Impact resistance |
Low (PVC) |
— |
|
Water resistance |
Limited (PVC sheath) |
— |
|
UV resistance |
Poor (indoor/conduit only) |
— |
|
Flex life |
Excellent (Class 5 fine-stranded) |
flexible routing |
|
Termination note |
Screw terminals, IDC connectors, D-sub, RJ45 (via adapter) |
— |
6. Typical Service Applications
Machine tool control wiring, PLC remote I/O drops, 24 V DC control loops, relay and contactor control circuits, sensor and transducer interconnection on larger machines, and low-voltage alarm circuits. The 1.5 mm² cross-section is the sweet spot for longer runs (20–50 m) where smaller cables would show noticeable voltage drop, or where auxiliary loads such as small solenoid valves demand a bit more current. Particularly valuable near variable-frequency drives, servo motors and robotic cells. Not for: mains AC power distribution, high-speed fieldbus, direct burial, or outdoor UV-exposed runs.

7. Testing & Quality Assurance Regime
Routine tests (100% production): DC resistance, AC voltage withstand (2500 V/5 min), insulation resistance, conductor construction, wall thickness, dimensional check, print legibility, mass per length, visual appearance, and packing. Type tests (per batch / material change): shield coverage, heat aging (100 °C/7 days), cold bend (-15 °C), jacket tensile, flame retardancy, and shielding effectiveness. Every coil ships with mill test certificate, ROHS and REACH declarations. The 450/750 V rating adds a higher withstand test voltage than 300/500 V cables.
Cable Parameters
| RVVP 2×1.5 mm² — Full Parameter Sheet | ||||
| Shielded flexible control cable · 450/750 V · tinned Cu Class 5 · PVC insulation/jacket · tinned Cu braid ≈ 85% · GB/T 9330 / IEC 60227 | ||||
| Section | Parameter | Value | Unit | Remarks / Standard |
| 01 · Identification | ||||
| Cable type | RVVP | — | Flexible tinned Cu, PVC ins., PVC jacket, braid shield | |
| Rated voltage (U0/U) | 450/750 | V | Medium-current control / signal | |
| Number of cores | 2 | — | 2 cores, colour-coded | |
| Nominal cross-section | 1.5 | mm² | Per core, Class 5 flexible | |
| Conductor material | Tinned annealed copper | — | Class 5 per GB/T 3956 / IEC 60228 | |
| Insulation material | PVC (Type SP) | — | 70 °C rated, 0.7 mm wall | |
| Shield | Tinned copper braid | — | ≈ 85% coverage | |
| Outer jacket material | PVC (Type ST) | — | Oil/abrasion resistant, 0.8 mm | |
| Standard reference | GB/T 9330 / IEC 60227 / UL 2464 | — | Harmonized control cable | |
| 02 · Conductor | ||||
| Stranding | 30 × 0.25 mm | — | Class 5 tinned copper per core | |
| Conductor diameter | ≈ 1.55 | mm | Per core, compacted lay | |
| DC resistance @ 20 °C | ≤ 13.3 | Ω/km | Maximum per GB/T 3956 | |
| Conductor surface | Tinned | — | Anti-corrosion, solderable | |
| 03 · Insulation | ||||
| Insulation type | PVC (Type SP) | — | Soft PVC, 70 °C | |
| Insulation thickness | ≈ 0.7 | mm | Nominal (thicker than 1.0 mm²) | |
| Insulated core Ø | ≈ 2.95 | mm | Per core | |
| Insulation resistance | ≥ 25 | MΩ·km | At 20 °C | |
| 04 · Shield & Inner Sheath | ||||
| Inner sheath material | PVC + polyester filler | — | Bedding over laid-up cores | |
| Inner sheath thickness | ≈ 0.6 | mm | Nominal | |
| Shield type | Tinned Cu braid | — | Woven over inner sheath | |
| Shield coverage | ≈ 85 | % | Typical | |
| Shielding effectiveness | ≈ 60–70 | dB | At 30–1000 MHz | |
| 05 · Outer Jacket | ||||
| Jacket material | PVC (Type ST) | — | Oil/abrasion resistant | |
| Jacket thickness | ≈ 0.8 | mm | Nominal | |
| Overall finished diameter | ≈ 7.8 | mm | 2-core shielded | |
| Approximate cable mass | ≈ 68 | kg/km | Tinned Cu + PVC + braid | |
| Mass per 100 m | ≈ 6.8 | kg/100 m | For coil loading | |
| 06 · Electrical | ||||
| Rated voltage | 450/750 | V | Control / low-power | |
| Test voltage (AC) | 2500 | V AC | 5 min routine | |
| DC resistance @ 20 °C | ≤ 13.3 | Ω/km | Per GB/T 3956 | |
| Ampacity (free air) | ≈ 12–15 | A | 1.5 mm², 70 °C | |
| Voltage drop @ 10 A / 100 m | ≈ 1.33 | V | I × R | |
| Capacitance (core-core) | ≈ 150 | pF/m | At 1 kHz | |
| 07 · Thermal & Mechanical | ||||
| Max continuous conductor temp. | 70 | °C | Normal service | |
| Short-circuit temp. (≤5 s) | 160 | °C | Copper limit | |
| Min. ambient temp. | -15 | °C | Fixed installation | |
| Min. bending radius | ≥ 6 × OD ≈ 47 | mm | Fixed; 12× for moving | |
| Halogen content | Halogen-containing | — | PVC compound | |
| 08 · Flame & Environment | ||||
| Flame retardancy | IEC 60332-1 | — | Single vertical flame | |
| Oil resistance | Good | — | Type ST PVC | |
| UV resistance | Limited | — | Indoor / conduit use | |
| ROHS / REACH | Compliant | — | EU 2011/65/EU | |
Cable Test Parameters
| Test Parameters — RVVP 2×1.5 mm² | ||||
| No. | Test Item | Test Condition / Method | Requirement | Type |
| 1 | Conductor DC resistance | GB/T 3956, 20 °C | ≤ 13.3 Ω/km | Routine |
| 2 | AC voltage withstand | 2500 V AC, 5 min | No breakdown | Routine |
| 3 | Insulation resistance | 500 V megohmmeter | ≥ 25 MΩ·km | Routine |
| 4 | Conductor construction | Visual + strand count | 30 × 0.25 mm tinned Cu | Routine |
| 5 | Wall thickness | Micrometer cross-section | Ins. ≈ 0.7 mm; jacket ≈ 0.8 mm | Routine |
| 6 | Dimensional check | Caliper | OD ≈ 7.8 mm | Routine |
| 7 | Print legibility | Visual + rubbing | Marks legible | Routine |
| 8 | Mass per unit length | Weighing | ≈ 68 kg/km | Routine |
| 9 | Appearance | Visual | Smooth, no blisters | Routine |
| 10 | Packing | Visual | Coil/drum, sealed ends, labelled | Routine |
| 11 | Shield coverage | Unwrap + count | ≥ 80% (≈ 85%) | Type |
| 12 | Heat aging test | 7 days at 100 °C | Retention ≥ 70% | Type |
| 13 | Cold bend test | -15 °C, 4 h mandrel | No cracking | Type |
| 14 | Jacket tensile test | Universal tester | Meets GB/T 9330 min. | Type |
| 15 | Flame retardancy | IEC 60332-1 | Self-extinguish | Type |
| 16 | Shielding effectiveness | Triaxial / open-field | ≥ 60 dB at 30–1000 MHz | Type |
Cable Cross Section Structure

| RVVP 2×1.5 mm² — Cross-Section Construction Diagram (Schematic) | |||||
| Layered build-up: tinned Cu Class 5 conductors → PVC insulation → inner PVC sheath → tinned copper braid shield → PVC outer jacket · 450/750 V shielded control cable · medium-current signal & control · EMI/RFI protection · -15~+70 °C | |||||
| No. | Layer | Material / Construction | Nominal Thickness (mm) | Diameter (mm) | Function / Remarks |
| 1 | Conductor (×2) | Tinned annealed copper, Class 5 flexible — 30 × 0.25 mm strands per core | — | ≈ 1.55 (per core) | Medium-current signal/control; R ≤ 13.3 Ω/km; tinned for anti-corrosion and solderability |
| 2 | Insulation (per core) | PVC compound (Type SP), extruded over each conductor, colour-coded | ≈ 0.7 | ≈ 2.95 (per insulated core) | Electrical insulation; 450/750 V rated; colour-coded (red/black, blue/white, etc.) |
| 3 | Inner sheath | PVC compound, extruded over the two laid-up cores, round filler | ≈ 0.6 | ≈ 6.1 (before braid) | Round and bed the cores; mechanical protection; bedding for braid |
| 4 | Braid shield | Tinned copper wire braid, ≈ 85% coverage, laid over inner sheath | ≈ 0.4 (effective) | ≈ 6.9 | EMI/RFI shielding; drain path for fault currents; low transfer impedance |
| 5 | Outer jacket | PVC compound (Type ST), black or grey, extruded over braid | ≈ 0.8 | ≈ 7.8 (finished) | Outer mechanical protection; oil-, abrasion-resistant; printed markings |
| Key Dimensions & Properties (expanded) | |||||
| Finished cable diameter | ≈ 7.8 | mm | 2-core shielded control cable (est.) | ||
| Approximate cable mass | ≈ 68 | kg/km | Tinned Cu + PVC + braid build-up | ||
| Nominal voltage rating | 450/750 | V | Control / signal / low-power circuits | ||
| Max continuous conductor temp. | 70 | °C | Normal service | ||
| Min. ambient / installation temp. | -15 | °C | Fixed installation | ||
| DC resistance @ 20 °C | ≤ 13.3 | Ω/km | Class 5 tinned copper, GB/T 3956 | ||
| Core count × cross-section | 2 × 1.5 | mm² | 2 cores | ||
| Shield coverage | ≈ 85 | % | Tinned copper braid | ||
| Insulation resistance | ≥ 25 | MΩ·km | PVC at 20 °C | ||
| Test voltage (AC) | 2500 V AC / 5 min | — | Routine withstand test | ||
| Flame retardancy | IEC 60332-1 | — | Single vertical flame | ||
| Shielding effectiveness | ≈ 60–70 | dB | At 30–1000 MHz | ||
| Jacket colour | Black / grey / custom | — | Standard: black | ||
| Mass per 100 m | ≈ 6.8 | kg/100 m | For coil / drum loading | ||
| Reference standard | GB/T 9330 / IEC 60227 / UL 2464 | — | Harmonized control cable | ||
| Schematic — not to exact scale. Finished Ø ≈ 7.8 mm and weight ≈ 68 kg/km from cross-referenced industry samples; conductor stranding 30/0.25 mm per core and braid coverage ≈ 85%. Est. values confirmed against factory type certificate. | |||||
Construction Description
| Construction Description — RVVP 2×1.5 mm² | |||
| Layer-by-layer build-up narrative · 450/750 V shielded control cable · GB/T 9330 / IEC 60227 · tinned copper / PVC insulation / tinned copper braid shield / PVC outer jacket | |||
| 1. Product Identity & Ratings | |||
| RVVP 2×1.5 is a medium-current shielded control cable rated 450/750 V — one step up from 0.75 and 1.0 mm² variants. R = flexible tinned copper, V = PVC insulation, V = PVC jacket, P = braided shield. The two 1.5 mm² cores carry more current and support longer control runs with lower voltage drop. Target use: machine tool control wiring, PLC remote I/O, and 24 V DC control loops where distance or load demands a larger conductor. Max 70 °C, -15 to +70 °C range. | |||
| 2. Tinned Copper Conductor (×2) | |||
| Each 1.5 mm² core is stranded from 30 tinned annealed copper wires of 0.25 mm in a Class 5 compacted lay-up. The thicker 0.25 mm wires give a bit more rigidity than the 0.20 mm stranding of smaller cross-sections, while remaining flexible enough for panel dressing. Tinning provides oxidation resistance and solderability. DC resistance is ≤ 13.3 Ω/km at 20 °C, roughly 30% lower than 1.0 mm², cutting voltage drop on longer runs. | |||
| 3. PVC Insulation | |||
| Each conductor receives a 0.7 mm extrusion of Type SP PVC — slightly thicker than the 0.6 mm wall on smaller cores, to match the 450/750 V voltage rating. The insulation is colour-coded for polarity and circuit identification. Insulation resistance ≥ 25 MΩ·km at 20 °C. The thicker wall also improves dielectric margin and reduces capacitance over the 0.75/1.0 mm² variants, benefiting longer signal runs. | |||
| 4. Inner Sheath + Braid Shield | |||
| The two insulated cores are laid up with polyester fillers to keep the cable round, then bedded with a 0.6 mm PVC inner sheath. Over this, a tinned copper braid is woven at ≈ 85% coverage. The braid handles both EMI shielding and the earth-fault return path. The thicker 1.5 mm² core also means the shield sees more fault energy, so the braid construction is verified per batch. | |||
| 5. Outer PVC Jacket | |||
| A 0.8 mm Type ST PVC jacket completes the build, yielding an OD of ≈ 7.8 mm. The jacket is oil- and abrasion-resistant, flame-retardant per IEC 60332-1, and printed with product type, cross-section, voltage, metre mark and manufacturer. Black or grey standard; custom colours on request. For drag-chain or continuous-flex duty, specify RVVSP variant with enhanced braid. |
8. Factory Advantages
Pure copper conductor at 30×0.25 mm stranding balances flexibility and current capacity. Thicker 0.7 mm insulation and 0.8 mm jacket match the 450/750 V rating for extra dielectric margin. Tinned copper braid at ≈ 85% coverage provides reliable EMI shielding for industrial noise environments. Lower DC resistance (13.3 Ω/km) supports longer control runs. Oil-resistant Type ST jacket for machine tool duty. 100% routine electrical QA on every reel. Cut-to-length coils with sealed ends. Lightweight ≈ 68 kg/km. Full traceability with MTC and certification support for industrial and machinery tenders.
9. Packaging, Storage & Logistics
Cut to customer-specified length on export-grade coils or wooden drums, with both ends heat-sealed. Coils wrapped in waterproof film and corrugated cardboard, labelled with product type, core count, cross-section, length, weight, production date and reel number. Standard lengths 100/200/500/1000 m. Store dry indoor, -10 to +40 °C, below 75% RH, away from direct sunlight and chemical solvents. FOB Shanghai/Nanjing/Qingdao; CIF and DAP available. Sample lead time 5–7 days; bulk production 15–25 days. Wooden drums recommended for lengths over 500 m.

10. Procurement Specification
State cable designation "RVVP 2×1.5", required length per coil/drum, and core colour preference. Request the routine AC withstand test record (2500 V) and shield coverage certificate for the specific batch. Note that the voltage rating is 450/750 V — higher than the 300/500 V of smaller cross-sections. Specify any regional certification requirements (UL 2464, CE, etc.) at order time. Payment: 30% T/T deposit, balance against B/L copy. Documents: MTC, ROHS/REACH, COO, commercial invoice, packing list. For drag-chain duty, specify RVVSP variant with enhanced flexible braid.
11. Cable Industry FAQ
Q1: Why choose 1.5 mm² over 1.0 mm²? Lower DC resistance (13.3 vs 19.5 Ω/km), higher ampacity (12–15 A vs 8–10 A), and a higher 450/750 V rating for longer control runs.
Q2: What voltage is it rated for? 450/750 V, suitable for machine tool control and 110 V AC control circuits.
Q3: How does the braid shield work? The tinned copper braid at ≈ 85% coverage diverts EMI/RFI currents to earth through the shield drain, giving ≈ 60–70 dB attenuation.
Q4: Is it suitable for drag chains? Not as standard — specify RVVSP (flexible braid) variant for continuous-flex applications.
Q5: Can it be used outdoors? No — limited UV resistance; install indoors or in UV-protected conduits.
Q6: Is it halogen-free? No — PVC is halogen-containing. Use LSZH for enclosed or public spaces.
Q7: How do I ground the shield? Connect braid to earth at one end (or both ends per system design) using a shield gland or drain wire.
Q8: What is the bending radius? ≥ 6×OD ≈ 47 mm for fixed; 12× for moving applications.
Q9: What is the temperature range? -15 to +70 °C continuous.
Q10: What proof ships? Routine AC test record (2500 V) + shield coverage certificate + MTC.
Q11: Can it carry 24 V DC signals? Yes — 1.5 mm² is well suited for 24 V DC control loops over longer distances with minimal voltage drop.